污水處理中微生物的指示作用
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污水處理中微生物的指示作用
（1）活性污泥凈(jing)化性能良好時出現的微生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)有鐘蟲(chong)(chong)、等枝蟲(chong)(chong)、楯纖(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)、蓋纖(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)、聚(ju)縮(suo)蟲(chong)(chong)及各種后生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)及吸管蟲(chong)(chong)類等固(gu)著性生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)或(huo)匍匐(fu)型生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)，當這些生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)的隔數達到1000個(ge)/mL以上(shang)，占整個(ge)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)個(ge)體(ti)數80%以上(shang)時，可以斷定這種活性污泥具有較高的凈(jing)化效(xiao)果。
（2）活性污泥凈化(hua)(hua)性能惡(e)化(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)出現(xian)的(de)生(sheng)物有多波蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、側滴蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、屋(wu)滴蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、豆形蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)等快(kuai)速游(you)泳的(de)生(sheng)物。這時(shi)(shi)絮體很碎約100um大笑(xiao)。嚴(yan)重惡(e)化(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)只出現(xian)多波蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、屋(wu)滴蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。極端惡(e)化(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)原生(sheng)動(dong)物和(he)后生(sheng)動(dong)物都(dou)不(bu)出現(xian)。
（3）活性污(wu)泥由(you)惡(e)化(hua)狀態進行恢(hui)復時出現的生物(wu)為漫泳蟲(chong)、斜葉(xie)蟲(chong)、斜管蟲(chong)、尖毛(mao)蟲(chong)等(deng)緩慢游泳型或匍匐(fu)型生物(wu)。曾觀察(cha)到這些微生物(wu)成為優勢生物(wu)繼續一個月左右。
（4）活性污泥分數解體(ti)時(shi)出現的(de)生(sheng)物為蛞蝓簡(jian)變(bian)蟲、輻射變(bian)形蟲等肉(rou)足(zu)類。這(zhe)(zhe)些生(sheng)物出現數萬個以(yi)上(shang)時(shi)絮體(ti)變(bian)小，使處理水渾濁。當發現這(zhe)(zhe)些生(sheng)物劇增時(shi)可通(tong)過減(jian)少(shao)回流污泥量和送氣量，能在(zai)某(mou)種程度上(shang)抑(yi)制這(zhe)(zhe)種現象(xiang)。
（5）活性污泥膨脹時出現(xian)的微生物為球衣(yi)菌(jun)、各種(zhong)霉菌(jun)等，這(zhe)些絲狀微生物引起污泥膨脹，當SVI在200以(yi)上時，這(zhe)些絲狀微生物呈絲屑狀。膨脹污泥中的微型動(dong)物比正常污泥少。
（6）溶(rong)解氧(yang)不足時出(chu)(chu)現(xian)的(de)微生(sheng)(sheng)物為(wei)貝氏硫黃細菌等。這(zhe)些微生(sheng)(sheng)物適于溶(rong)解氧(yang)濃度低時生(sheng)(sheng)存。這(zhe)些微生(sheng)(sheng)物出(chu)(chu)現(xian)是]，活性污(wu)泥呈黑色(se)、腐敗發臭。
（7）曝(pu)(pu)氣過(guo)量時出現(xian)的微生(sheng)物，若(ruo)過(guo)曝(pu)(pu)氣時間持續很長時，各種變(bian)形蟲和輪蟲為優勢生(sheng)物。
（8）廢水(shui)濃度(du)過(guo)低時大量出現的微生物為游仆蟲(chong)等。
（9）BOD負(fu)荷(he)低(di)時(shi)出(chu)現的微生物。表殼蟲(chong)(chong)、鱗殼蟲(chong)(chong)、輪蟲(chong)(chong)、寡毛蟲(chong)(chong)等為(wei)優勢生物，這(zhe)些生物多時(shi)也是硝化(hua)進行的指標。
（10）沖(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)負荷(he)和(he)(he)毒物(wu)(wu)流入(ru)時出現的生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)。因(yin)為原(yuan)生(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)對環境(jing)條件的變化反(fan)應比細菌為快，所(suo)以(yi)可通(tong)過觀(guan)察原(yuan)生(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)的變化情況(kuang)來看沖(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)負荷(he)和(he)(he)毒物(wu)(wu)對活(huo)性污泥的影(ying)響。原(yuan)生(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)中對沖(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)負荷(he)和(he)(he)毒物(wu)(wu)反(fan)映靈敏的楯(shun)纖(xian)蟲，當楯(shun)纖(xian)蟲急劇減(jian)少(shao)時，說明發生(sheng)了沖(chong)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)負荷(he)和(he)(he)流入(ru)少(shao)量毒物(wu)(wu)。
著(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)緣毛目多時，處理效果良好，出(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)BOD5和(he)濁(zhuo)度低。這(zhe)些緣毛目微生(sheng)(sheng)物(如(ru)(ru)小(xiao)(xiao)口鐘(zhong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、八鐘(zhong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、溝鐘(zhong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、褶鐘(zhong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、瓶累(lei)枝(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、微盤蓋蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、獨縮蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong))都(dou)固定在(zai)絮(xu)狀(zhuang)物上，并隨(sui)之而(er)翻動，其(qi)中(zhong)還(huan)夾雜一(yi)些爬行的(de)棲纖(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、游仆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、尖毛蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、卑氣管葉(xie)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)等，這(zhe)說明活(huo)(huo)性(xing)污泥(ni)是優質而(er)成(cheng)熟的(de)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)污泥(ni)。小(xiao)(xiao)口鐘(zhong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污水(shui)(shui)和(he)工業廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)處理效果很好時往往就是優勢菌種。如(ru)(ru)果大量(liang)(liang)鞭毛蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)出(chu)(chu)現，而(er)著(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)緣毛目很少時，表(biao)明凈(jing)化作用(yong)較差。大量(liang)(liang)的(de)自(zi)由游泳的(de)纖(xian)毛蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)出(chu)(chu)現，指示(shi)凈(jing)化作用(yong)不(bu)太好，出(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)濁(zhuo)度上升(sheng)。如(ru)(ru)主(zhu)要出(chu)(chu)現有柄纖(xian)毛蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，如(ru)(ru)鐘(zhong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、累(lei)枝(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、蓋蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、輪蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、寡毛類(lei)時，則(ze)水(shui)(shui)質澄清(qing)良好，出(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)清(qing)澈透明，酚類(lei)去除率在(zai)90%以上。根足蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)大量(liang)(liang)出(chu)(chu)現，往往是污泥(ni)中(zhong)毒(du)的(de)表(biao)現。如(ru)(ru)在(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污水(shui)(shui)處理中(zhong)，累(lei)枝(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)大量(liang)(liang)出(chu)(chu)現，則(ze)是污泥(ni)膨脹、解絮(xu)的(de)征兆。而(er)在(zai)印(yin)染廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)，累(lei)枝(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)則(ze)作為污泥(ni)正常或(huo)改善(shan)的(de)指示(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)物。在(zai)石油廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)處理中(zhong)鐘(zhong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)出(chu)(chu)現是理想的(de)效果。過量(liang)(liang)的(de)輪蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)出(chu)(chu)現，則(ze)是污泥(ni)要膨脹的(de)預兆。另外在(zai)一(yi)些原(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)動物不(bu)宜生(sheng)(sheng)長的(de)污泥(ni)中(zhong)，主(zhu)要用(yong)菌膠團的(de)大小(xiao)(xiao)和(he)數量(liang)(liang)來判斷處理效果。
微(wei)生物(wu)在調試過程(cheng)中起著(zhu)很重要的指示左(zuo)右，通過鏡檢而根(gen)據活(huo)性污泥中的微(wei)生物(wu)可
以發現該活性污泥的好差，其指示作用有(you)：
(1) 著生的緣毛(mao)目多時(shi)，處理效果(guo)良(liang)好，出水BOD5和(he)濁度低。
如(ru)小口鐘(zhong)蟲(chong)、八(ba)鐘(zhong)蟲(chong)、溝鐘(zhong)蟲(chong)、褶鐘(zhong)蟲(chong)、瓶累枝蟲(chong)、微(wei)盤蓋蟲(chong)、獨縮蟲(chong)，這些(xie)緣毛目
的種類都固定在絮狀物上(shang)，并(bing)隨窗之而翻動(dong)，其(qi)中還夾雜一些(xie)爬行的 棲(qi)纖蟲、游仆蟲、尖
毛(mao)蟲、卑氣管葉(xie)蟲等，這說明(ming)是(shi)優(you)質而成熟的活性(xing)污泥。
(2) 小(xiao)口鐘蟲在(zai)生(sheng)活污水(shui)和(he)工業廢水(shui)處理很好(hao)時往(wang)往(wang)就是優勢菌種(zhong)。
(3) 如果大(da)量(liang)鞭(bian)毛蟲出現，而著生的緣毛目很少時，表明(ming)凈化(hua)作(zuo)用(yong)較(jiao)差。
(4) 大量的自由游泳的纖毛蟲出(chu)現，指(zhi)示(shi)凈(jing)化作(zuo)用不太(tai)好，出(chu)水濁度上升(sheng)。
(5) 如出(chu)現(xian)主要有(you)柄纖毛(mao)蟲(chong)(chong)，如鐘蟲(chong)(chong)、累枝蟲(chong)(chong)、蓋蟲(chong)(chong)、輪蟲(chong)(chong)、寡毛(mao)類時，則水質澄清
良好，出水清澈透明(ming)，酚(fen)類去除率在(zai)90%以上。
(6) 根足蟲的大量(liang)出(chu)現(xian)，往往是污泥中毒的表現(xian)。
(7) 如在生活污水處(chu)理(li)中，累枝(zhi)蟲的大量(liang)出現，則是污泥膨(peng)脹、解絮的征兆。
(8) 而(er)在印(yin)染廢水中(zhong)，累枝(zhi)蟲則(ze)作為污泥(ni)正常(chang)或改善的指示生物(wu)。
(9) 在石油廢水處理(li)(li)中鐘蟲出現(xian)是理(li)(li)想(xiang)的效果。
(10) 過量的輪蟲出現，則是污泥要膨脹的預兆。
另在一些(xie)對(dui)原(yuan)生(sheng)動(dong)物不宜生(sheng)長的污泥中，主要(yao)看菌膠團的大小(xiao)用數量(liang)來判(pan)斷處理效(xiao)果